Investigating Demotivational Factors in Indonesian EFL Classrooms : The Case of Madrasa Students Af ’

Compared to motivation, demotivation is still a relatively new topic in the field of language learning. This present study aims to investigate demotivational factors among Madrasa (religious educational institution) students in the Indonesian EFL context. This study employed a mixedmethods approach with an explanatory design in which the quantitative phase was conducted before the qualitative phase. A 25-close-ended questionnaire along with one open-ended question were filled by 190 Madrasa students. To expand the results of the questionnaire, interviews with two students were conducted. Through a descriptive analysis and thematic analysis, five key demotivators were revealed, they are a) the nature of the target language, b) lesson-specific factors, c) learning materials, d) teacher-related factors, and e) the learning environment. The results also indicated some factors which are not included in the questionnaire, they are a) lack of self-confidence, b) lack of intrinsic motivation, c) lack of learning community, and d) teacher gender. Although previously students’ religious beliefs were said to affect the students’ demotivation, it appeared that half of the students did not consider them to be demotivating. Instead of religious beliefs, the students found the nature of English as the most demotivating factor, which contradicts the findings of previous demotivation studies that found teachers as the main demotivating factor.


INTRODUCTION
There has been a consensus among researchers that motivation is one of the key factors that influence learners' performance.Motivation helps learners initiate learning a second language (L2) and becomes the driving force that sustains the process.Neither learners' astounding abilities nor appropriate curriculum can help learners achieve a long-term goal on its own without a sufficient amount of motivation (Dörnyei, 1998).Lack of motivation may also be attributed to a failure of learning in the same way as it can be the factor of successful learning (McDonough, 1981).
While motivation draws a huge amount of attention from researchers, demotivation is a relatively new topic in the field of language acquisition.Only in 1992 researcher started paying attention to what might decrease students' motivation in learning a subject (Gorham & Christophel, 1992).Throughout the 1990s, not many researchers focused on researching demotivation, while a small number investigated demotivation as a part of studies on motivation.In early 2000, Dörnyei (2001) marked the beginning of studies focusing solely on demotivation.Demotivation was no longer part of motivational studies but became an independent research paradigm.
Studies on demotivational factors in Indonesia are popular in other fields such as demotivational factors among teachers (Marai, 2003) and construction workers (Kaming et al., 1998).The early study on this topic was conducted by Lamb (2007) to check changes in 12 Indonesian students' motivation.However, very few studies were conducted in segregated schools where demotivation most likely occurs.This present study aims to explore demotivational factors in such a context.
Accordingly, the present study was conducted at the Madrasa Aliyah, a religious educational institution at the high school level in Indonesia.This Madrasa was chosen as the context of the study due to several reasons.First, Madrasa students have more limited time in learning English and exposure to the language than public school students, so they are assumed to be more likely to undergo demotivation.Second, the researcher was inspired by her personal learning experience as a former student of the school, during which she struggled with the English subject.On the basis of the research purpose and the rationale, the following research question is designed:  What factors caused the Madrasa students to feel demotivated in learning English?

Defining Motivation and Demotivation
Researchers have long been in agreement that motivation is a key factor in learning L2.Dörnyei and Ottó (1998) offered an elaborated definition of motivation which captures the many facets of motivation.They defined motivation as "the dynamically changing cumulative arousal in a person that initiates, directs, coordinates, amplifies, terminates, and evaluates the cognitive and motor processes whereby initial wishes and desires are selected, prioritized, operationalized and (successfully or unsuccessfully) acted out" (Dörnyei & Ottó, 1998, p. 65).Brown (2001, p. 75) offered a simple definition by referring to motivation as "the intensity of one's forced to learn".To concur with Brown (2001), the level of students' motivation may easily be seen by the way they behave in class; the more enthusiastic they are to solve the task or participate in the class activities, the higher their level of motivation to learn.Another definition was given by Schunk (2008, p. 4) who described motivation as "the process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and maintained".Motivation is further explained as something that gets someone going and involves various mental processes to keep him/her working to complete the task.By referring to those three definitions, motivation in this research is viewed as a process where learners decide on a particular action and make an effort to keep going to accomplish their goal.
Unlike motivation, demotivation is a relatively new field of research.Zhang (2007, p. 213) defined demotivation as a force that "decreases students' energy to learn" and also included "the absence of a force that stimulates students to learn" in the definition.Demotivation is slightly similar to the term 'amotivation', which is defined as "the relative absence of motivation" (Deci & Ryan, 1985, p. 110).Using instructional communication studies framework developed by Gorham and Christophel (1992), Zhang (2007) found that several teacher-related factors can reduce students' motivation.Based on this definition, there is no clear distinction between 'demotivation' and 'amotivation', as both of them are defined as 'absence of motivation'.Figure 1 shows the concept of motivation, demotivation, and amotivation adapted from Kikuchi (2015).
On the contrary, Dörnyei (2001) argued that demotivation is a different case from amotivation.He defined demotivation as "specific external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention or an ongoing action" (Dörnyei, 2001, p. 143).Dörnyei (2001) pointed out that amotivation concerns with the relative absence of motivations, such as when someone realizes there is no point to learning a foreign language, or that learning a foreign language is beyond his/her capacity.Whereas demotivation deals only with external forces that reduces someone's motivation.This corresponds with the concept of amotivation from Vallerand (1997), in which he stated that people can become amotivated due to one's various beliefs, such as capacity-ability, strategy belief, capacity-effort belief, and helplessness belief.However, this definition lacks empirical evidence as some studies show that sources of demotivation are not completely external.For example, Arai (2004), Falout andMaruyama (2004), andTsuchiya (2004) found that both internal and external factors can be the sources of demotivation.These factors include teacher and materials-related factors, students' lack of confidence and negative attitudes toward the target language.
Grounded on these views, Kikuchi (2015, p. 3) attached the notion of "internal forces" as an addition to the definition of demotivation by Dörnyei (2001, p. 143) and defined it as "the specific internal and external forces that reduce or diminish the motivational basis of a behavioral intention or an ongoing action".Therefore, it is clear that demotivation is different from amotivation and that demotivation can be caused by either external or internal factors.

Previous Studies on Demotivation
Studies on demotivation began in early 1990, where Gorham and Christophel (1992) investigated teacher behaviors' effect on students' motivation among 308 undergraduate students in a southwestern university in the United States.They found that teachers' behaviors accounted as a strong demotivator among 20 demotivators emerged in the study.This study is the first milestone in the field of demotivation research.Chambers (1993) then conducted a study to investigate methods to motivate students in a foreign language classroom.Afterward, Dörnyei (1994) also conducted a similar study on motivation and how to motivate students.Although both studies did not focus solely on demotivation, they also discussed the phenomenon of students losing their motivation to learn and, thus, narrowed down researchers' focus on demotivation.Chambers (1993) identified the lack of self-esteem as one demotivator that commonly leads to students' demotivation in learning a foreign language.Dörnyei (1994) pointed out how learners' level problems (referring to lack of self-confidence and such) and learner's situation problem (referring to learning environment) might decrease students' motivation.Next, Gorham and Christophel (1992) conducted a study to investigate students' state of motivation and demotivation among college students.The findings revealed that students perceived motivation as more related to their personal state, while demotivation relates to the teachers, suggesting that motivation is more intrinsic while demotivation was likely more extrinsic.

METHOD
In order to answer the research question, this study used mixed-methods incorporating an Explanatory Sequential Design (Creswell, 2013, p. 16) by using three instruments: close-ended questionnaire, open-ended questionnaire, and interviews.To answer the research study, there are two phases being carried out sequentially: quan → qual, in which quantitative data collection is the main research activity and was implemented before gathering the qualitative data to fill a supplementary role.In the first phase, 190 participants, consisting of 93 first-year students and 97 second-year students chosen by convenience sampling, filled in the questionnaire (Gray, 2014).From these students, two were interviewed to expand the results of the quantitative data.The mean age of the participants was 17.Of the 190 participants, 114 participants are male students and 76 are female students.Most of the students have learned English from the age of eight as a compulsory course.
In terms of English proficiency levels, the students have never taken formal tests such as TOEFL or IELTS; rather they have their own tests designed by the government.The score ranged from 0-100 (with 100 as the highest and 0 as the lowest).Their score ranged from 20 to 100 with an average score of 61.8 that barely passed the minimum score of 60.For the close-ended questionnaire, the data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and described descriptively to see the frequency of responses within the questionnaire (Gray, 2014).Later, the findings of each statement are rearranged and categorized with reference to the work by Dörnyei (2001) and Kikuchi (2015).For the open-ended questionnaire, the data were analyzed using thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2013).All the participants attending this study, both in the survey and interviews, participated on a voluntary basis.

Questionnaire
The frequency count of students' responses related to demotivating factors is shown in Table 1.First, the nature of the target language is one demotivation category which is rated highest among other demotivators.This category includes students' difficulty in understanding English grammar (rated highest) and students' difficulty in memorizing pronunciation and spelling of English vocabulary (second and third highest).Lesson-specific factors are also considered as strong demotivators.This category includes students' demotivation in class activities focusing on grammar, translation, writing, speaking, reading, and listening, with the highest count on grammar and translation.
Learning materials are also considered as strong demotivators; students felt demotivated when the topics in their course book are not interesting.Fourth, teachers who appear to be the strongest demotivator in many studies also contributed to students' demotivation in the present research.This point includes the teaching pace, the teacher's sense of or lack of humor, and the teacher's social relationships with the students.Fifth, the learning environment in which the students live and learn English, also contributed to their demotivation.Next, perceptions toward the language are rated as weak demotivators, since students mostly agree that English is important and useful for their careers, although many of them disagree that English is useful for their daily interaction, which is quite contrary with previously conducted studies done.

Interviews
Table 2 shows the results of the interviews.The tenses are also confusing and different from Bahasa Indonesia.

A
Learning environment We come here to learn religious studies, we do not pay much attention to other lessons (lessons included in the national curriculum) including English.
A and B

Teaching method
The method is similar in each day, so it is quite boring.We learn from the course book, we read and answer questions.
A and B Attitude of classmates Because most of my friends are not interested in English, so I got affected by them.I became lazy and not interested in English as well.

B
Table 2 shows that both participants A and B considered learning environment and teaching method as demotivators.Participant A revealed that the nature of the target language is also a factor of her demotivation.In addition, participant B claimed that the attitude of his classmates also affected his level of motivation.The results from the interviews are further elaborated in the next subsections.

Key Factors of Demotivation
There are five key factors of demotivation among the Madrasa students: a) the nature of the target language, b) lesson-specific factors, c) learning materials, d) teacher-related factors and e) learning environment.They are explained as the following.

The nature of the target language
The questionnaire revealed that 80% of the students agreed that the complexity of grammar decreased their motivation as illustrated by Participant A in her interviews (I refers to Interview and the number refers to the sequencing excerpts presented in this paper): I1 "English has lots of tenses.It is difficult to memorize all the formulas".DeKeyser (2005, p. 5) regarded this as "problems of form" that is commonly met by L2 learners.In case of students knowing the meaning of words they need to express, they still need to choose the correct morphemes and allomorphs to convey the intended meaning and arrange them in the right order.This demotivating factor also appears in the study conducted in a Vietnamese context by Trang and Jr (2007), although it only accounted for 7% (26 out of 372 students) among other demotivators.The other argument conveyed by participant B revealed that different concepts in Bahasa Indonesia and English were the other factor explaining why they found English grammar so confusing, as conveyed by participant B: I2 "The tenses are also confusing and different from Bahasa Indonesia, they have so many tenses with a slightly similar formula".
Verbs in Bahasa Indonesia are not inflected for number or person and do not represent tense (Suwono, 1993), all of which is different from English.As the students tend to transfer the forms, as well as the concept, into the target language which resulted in grammatically incorrect sentences, they regarded this as 'confusing'.Transferring linguistic structures to the target language are nothing novel in the field of L2 acquisition; a concept commonly termed as "language transfer" (Selinker, 1969, p. 65); which can happen to any adult language learners.
It is also revealed that 77% of the respondents agreed that difficult pronunciation and difficult spelling demotivated them from learning English.While the results of this study show difficult pronunciation and spelling in English as strong demotivators, other studies have offered different results.For example, Trang and Jr (2007) conducted research with 372 Vietnamese students; only 6 of them (2%) consider pronunciation and spelling as demotivators.
To understand this result, it is important to refer to the nature of Bahasa Indonesia compared to English.In the English alphabet, the same letters can be pronounced differently (James & Smith, 2007); something which does not happen in Bahasa Indonesia.For example, the letter 'a' in 'father' is pronounced as /α/, while in 'man' it is pronounced as /ae/, and pronounced as /ǝ/ in 'among'.However, the same letter 'a' is pronounced in only one way in Bahasa Indonesia, such as 'ketika', 'bahwa' and 'mereka' are pronounced as /a/.
The theme related to 'difficult pronunciation and spelling' emerged 26 times and 'limited vocabulary' emerged 11 times; respondents wrote "it is difficult to memorize the pronunciation and the spelling of English vocabs" and "I don't have enough vocab to speak English".In regards to this, Participant A regarded English as hypocritical, referring to how words are spelled and pronounced differently, as follows: I3 "English is a hypocrite.The way a word is spelled is completely different from the way it is pronounced.It's like memorizing two words".
Participant B regarded English pronunciation and spelling as random and hard to figure out, stating: I4 "English is sometimes pronounced totally differently from the way it is spelled.I mean, it is so random, it is hard to figure out how to pronounce, and it is also difficult to memorize them".

Lesson-specific factors
The questionnaire reported that the students mostly agreed that they feel demotivated when the lesson focused on grammar (72%) and translation (67%).This is in line with the findings reported by Meshkat and Hassani (2012), where learners considered focusing on grammar as demotivating.Students also find focusing on translation as demotivating, which is also reported in another study conducted in a Japanese context by Kikuchi (2009).In addition to this, the theme 'boring method' emerged 22 times in the results of the open-ended questionnaire, and also emerged in the interviews.It is revealed that the students mostly learned English from translating paragraphs and answering the question in the workbook, as conveyed by Participant B: I5 "Monotonous method; the method is similar each day, so it is quite boring.We learned from the course book, we read and answer questions.I love English, but the method is less varied".
Although the students complained that they felt bored during the class due to the monotonous method, it is quite strange that they did not choose the other types of activities, such as speaking or listening, as reported in the results.It might be argued that the students themselves do not understand what kind of class activities they find motivating.Another possible explanation is that the lack of media use in all types of classroom activities may contribute to their demotivation, as revealed in the results of the statements related to the characteristics of the class (see Table 1).Meshkat and Hassani (2012), in their study to investigate demotivating factors among Iranian EFL students, found that both insufficient school facilities and insufficient use of available facilities are strong demotivators in EFL classes.This is likely to explain why more than half of the students in this study felt demotivated in all types of activities, as illustrated by Participant B: I6 "We rarely watch movies or listen to songs, almost never.We have LCD and projectors, some of the class have it installed, but we do not really use it for the learning process".
Learning English with the help of technology and media is a famous strategy used by the teachers for such resources have advantages that can enhance students' motivation (Yamauchi, 2009).For example, videos bring another dimension to the classroom (Harmer, 2001), so the students do not need to travel or go outside of the classroom to see how English speakers used certain words in their interaction.Videos served as authentic teaching/learning materials and at the same time display various interesting pictures to enhance students' motivation (Wright, 1989).Some studies also reported how English songs can enhance students' motivation in learning English as songs plus music create a more relaxing and fun class atmosphere, and at the same time can improve students' pronunciation (Chen & Chen, 2009;Shen, 2009).In the same way, English videos and songs improve students' motivation, some studies show that the use of the Internet, such as blogging and chatting, can also help enhance students' motivation (Kikuchi & Otsuka, 2008;Yamauchi, 2009).

Learning materials
The other demotivating factor that is apparent from the results is the course book.A total of 62% of students agreed that they lost their motivation when the topics in their course books are not interesting.Unattractive learning materials have been identified as demotivating factors in several studies.For example, Hamada and Kito (2008) revealed that textbooks and lessons were the fifth ranked demotivating factors among 100 Japanese eleventh graders, after the learning environment, teacher's competence and teaching style, little intrinsic motivation and non-communicative methods.In addition to this, Hamada (2008) reported that the course book is the strongest demotivator among 44 eighth graders and 36 Japanese ninth graders.Similarly, a study by Sakai and Kikuchi (2009) rated learning materials as the most demotivating factor in his study with 656 Japanese high school students.In another context, Meshkat and Hassani (2012) suggest that learning contents and materials are rated as the strongest demotivator among 421 high school students in Iran.
In the same way, learning materials may serve as demotivators of students, but they can also motivate them.For example, teachers can make use of authentic materials during the class.Peacock (1997) reported that authentic materials could increase students' motivation in his study with two beginner-level EFL students; although they appeared to be less interesting than artificial materials.For this purpose, learning materials should act as a stimulus for learning and portray the nature of the learning task (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987).

Teacher-related factors
Despite being a strong demotivator in much research (Chambers, 1993;Dörnyei, 1998;Gorham & Christophel, 1992;Sakai & Kikuchi, 2009), teacher-related factors appeared to be no stronger than the other factors in this present study.A total of 61% of the students agreed that teacher's 'too fast explanation' decreased their motivation.Daif-Allah and Alsamani (2014) reported that the teacher's fast explanation was rated as a strong demotivator among 102 students in a Saudi Arabian context.Teacher's 'too fast' or 'too slow' explanations may decrease teacher clarity and therefore, it is likely that the students will experience receiver apprehension (Chesebro & McCroskey, 2001); a situation which can affect their understanding of the learning contents and affect their motivation to learn the subject.This result is also portrayed in the characteristics of the class, in which 64% of the students claimed that they 'sometimes' understand the lesson.
Nevertheless, it is also quite surprising that 61% of the students disagree that the 'teacher did not correct their mistake' is a demotivating factor, which means that the students themselves preferred not to be corrected.Given that the students were passively involved in the learning process (as shown in Table 1), it is likely that the students preferred not to be corrected when they make a mistake and that is not corrected is not a factor of their demotivation.
Other than teaching pace and correcting mistakes, students were also asked about the use of the first language (L1) and the target language (L2) inside the classroom.The results show that the use of L1 or L2 in the classroom is not a strong demotivator when compared to the other factors.Half of the students (50%) agreed that the teacher's use of English all the time decreased their motivation; however, 47% of them also agreed that teacher's use of Bahasa Indonesia all the time decreased their motivation.It is likely that the students expect the teacher to use both languages to deliver the lesson, which is seen as a good way to understand and practice the language.
Regarding the use of L1 and L2 in the classroom, researchers no longer deny the positive impact of using L1 to deliver the lesson.For example, Janulevičienė and Kavaliauskienė (2002) revealed that the majority of teachers (86%), as well as the students (83%), agreed that L1 use is necessary for a foreign language classroom.Correspondingly, Levine (2011) claimed that L1 plays an important role in a foreign language classroom and can serve as an important resource.
Although the students did not bring out any issues regarding their teachers in the interviews, the theme related to 'boring teacher' emerged 12 times from the openended questionnaire; comments included 'the teacher does not really have a sense of humor' or 'the teacher is too serious'.As the questionnaire did not cover items such as boring teachers, this omission likely offered some explanations why the students show some disagreement towards the statements, even though some of them admitted that the teacher also contributes to their demotivation.
This result might also be referred to other studies, where the teacher is not the main demotivator.For example, Meshkat and Hassani (2012) revealed that the teacher's competence and teaching style were only rated as weak demotivators.Similarly, Hamada (2011) also reported that the teacher factor was not rated as a strong demotivator in his study with the junior high school students; reporting that the nature of English is rated highest among other demotivators.

The learning environment
This demotivational factor emerged in the open question given to the students.The theme 'unsupportive environment' emerged 16 times, 'limited exposure of English' emerged 7 times, and 'insufficient time allocation' emerged 12 times.In line with this result, participant A described her learning environment: I7 "Students who study here, are coming particularly to learn religious subjects, such as Fiqh (Law) and other lessons, all using Arabic as the main medium of learning, even the course books are almost all in Arabic, I mean 50% of them.Their intention is to learn from Masyayikh and Kyai (or highly respected teachers)…not to learn general subjects or common subjects such as those learned in public schools.It, in fact, has hugely affected the level of our motivation".
However, not all of the students considered the learning environment as their potential demotivators as seen in the results of students' perceptions towards the language, based on their religious beliefs (Islam) which are represented in the last two statements in Table 1.Almost half of the students (49%) disagreed that they felt demotivated in learning English because it is not required in Islam.This number is also similar to the next statement in which half of the students (50%) also disagreed that they felt demotivated because it does not help them to learn religious subjects, as stated by participant B: I8 "I want to learn English, even though it is not required by my religion".
Even though some of the students found their surrounding environment demotivating when it came to them learning English, most of the students (91%) acknowledged that English is useful for their future careers (see Table 1).Additionally, 89% of the students also rated English as important.
With 50% of the school curriculum emphasizing the learning of religious subjects, it is likely that the students found learning general lessons, such as English, as not part of their top priority.Furthermore, the students live in a segregated area in which they did not get enough exposure to English.In addition, the school also gives insufficient time allocation for the students to learn English, which makes it difficult for someone to master a foreign language.As a result, some students felt demotivated and even slept during class.This attitude then affected the other students, as portrayed by participant B: I9 "Because most of my friends are not interested in English, so I got affected by them.I became lazy and not interested in English as well.In an all-male class like ours, we sometimes slept during the class".
Although it is rarely seen as a strong demotivator, attitudes of group members have been revealed as one of the demotivators noted in previous studies; for example Dörnyei (2001), Trang and Jr (2007), and Kikuchi (2009).Given that the learners in this context spend more time with their peers, rather than being with a teacher or their parents, peer attitudes and opinions play important roles in learners' motivation (Burns & Darling, 2002).Learners who are mostly adolescents are easily swayed by their peers' opinions and attitudes, including their attitude towards a particular subject on the curriculum or in the class.Parents', teachers', and friends' opinions about what they thought was the right thing to do served as the role models that may become a source of motivation or demotivation (Korir & Kipkemboi, 2014).

CONCLUSION
The main aim of the present research was to investigate the demotivating factors in learning English among Madrasa students.In accordance with the results of the questionnaire and the interviews, there are five key demotivating factors revealed in this study: a) the nature of the target language, b) lesson-specific factors, c) learning materials, d) teacher-related factors, and e) the learning environment.Even though earlier, students' religious beliefs were alleged to affect the students' demotivation, it seemed that half of the students did not consider them to be demotivating.Instead of religious beliefs, the students found the nature of English as the most demotivating factor, which opposes the findings of previous demotivation studies that found teachers as the leading demotivating factor.
Nevertheless, this study was conducted not without limitations.To explore more on the demotivating factors in Indonesian EFL settings, it is recommended that future research include more participants and instruments in collecting data, such as observations and field notes.This is to obtain results that can be generalized to larger populations.

Table 1 .
The frequency count of students' responses related to demotivating factors.

Table 2 .
Results of students' interviews.